At the same time, unknown even to his teammates, Reed was secretly plotting to retrieve Doom from Hell and place him in a specially prepared other-dimensional prison from which he could never escape; but this transfer was unwittingly interrupted by the rest of the Fantastic Four, allowing Doom to escape long enough to kill the Thing. Currently the most important application is due to the special magnetic properties of some ferromagnetic metallic glasses. Eveneven nuclei are described as being composed of clusters of alpha particles, as has often been done for light nuclei. This reduction in pore size may be advantageous in certain applications. [68][69] For nearly three decades, until his death in 1994, Pauling published numerous papers on his spheron cluster model. Chemists and materials scientists study substances at the atomic and molecular levels and analyze the ways in which the substances interact with one another. Protons are spin-1/2 fermions and are composed of three valence quarks,[17] making them baryons (a sub-type of hadrons). The free proton (a proton not bound to nucleons or electrons) is a stable particle that has not been observed to break down spontaneously to other particles. That is the central theme of The Big Ideas, a Special Series by The New York Times.Physicist/Futurist, Dr. Michio Kaku, author of the bestselling book, THE GOD EQUATION: The Quest for a Theory of Everything was recently invited to write an essay for this series. To simplify the calculations, the electronic potentials of the atomic nuclei can be truncated to give a muffin-tin pseudopotential. [4] Currently there are several comprehensive review papers that give a summary of the published ALD processes, including the work of Puurunen,[5] Miikkulainen et al.,[4] An important consequence of this was that metallic glasses could only be produced in a limited number of forms (typically ribbons, foils, or wires) in which one dimension was small so that heat could be extracted quickly enough to achieve the necessary cooling rate. [29], In 1926, Pauling was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship to travel to Europe, to study under German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld in Munich, Danish physicist Niels Bohr in Copenhagen and Austrian physicist Erwin Schrdinger in Zrich. Stan Lee, Jack Kirby While the resistivity in regular metals generally increases with temperature, following the Matthiessen's rule, the resistivity in a large number of amorphous metals is found to decrease with increasing temperature. This time, Sue's pregnancy resulted in the birth of a healthy baby girl, christened Valeria in memory of Doctor Doom's first love. In his later years, he promoted nuclear disarmament, as well as orthomolecular medicine, megavitamin therapy,[12] and dietary supplements. Consequently, when describing an ALD process one refers to both dose times (the time a surface is being exposed to a precursor) and purge times (the time left in between doses for the precursor to evacuate the chamber) for each precursor. Based on the novel "Foundation" by Isaac Asimov, Reed put into practice one of the fictional concepts presented by said book, "Psychohistory:" the ability to use equations to predict future trends by mathematically modeling history. 4), 4, 513523, link: Intermolecular forces. [102], Memorium Device: This device allowed the Fantastic Four to look through the memories of individuals. [109], Many of Pauling's critics, including scientists who appreciated the contributions that he had made in chemistry, disagreed with his political positions and saw him as a nave spokesman for Soviet communism. American The most studied ALD nitride is TiN which is deposited from TiCl4 and NH3.[47]. An even more surprising resurrection unfolded during the team's reality-warping conflict with the cosmic being Abraxas when Franklin revealed he had used his powers to rescue Sue's seemingly stillborn second child years earlier, and that this child had been raised in an alternate future to become the Marvel Girl (Valeria Von Doom) who was now an ally of the present-day Fantastic Four. [39], The constituent quark model wavefunction for the proton is. Oxygen becomes a stronger nucleophile when the Lewis base hydrogen bonds with the SiOH* surface species because the SiO-H bond is effectively weakened. [126] Thus Pauling's initial and intensely personal exposure to the idea of treating disease with vitamin supplements was positive. [18]:2122 A modern perspective has a proton composed of the valence quarks (up, up, down), the gluons, and transitory pairs of sea quarks. Below, you will find 1,700 free online courses from universities like Yale, MIT, Harvard, Oxford and more. The pressure is maximum at the centre, about 1035Pa, which is greater than the pressure inside a neutron star. In 1965, Pauling sued the magazine, its publisher William Rusher, and its editor William F. Buckley, Jr for $1 million. (c) These two colliding galaxies, known as NGC As compared to plasma-assisted ALD, the activation is weaker, but is often easier to control by adjusting the wavelength, intensity and timing of illumination. In an interview given in 1990 Pauling commented on his model:[76]. By holding antiprotons in a Penning trap, the equality of the charge-to-mass ratio of protons and antiprotons has been tested to one part in 6109. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. This was soon raised to US$50 per month. Often, as a result, they become so-called Brnsted acids. The dose-purge-dose-purge sequence of a binary ALD process constitutes an ALD cycle. They intended to travel through hyperspace in the ship to another solar system and back in order to convince the government to reconsider. Stony Brook Researcher Secures NASA Grant to Study Effects of Space Radiation", "The effects of proton exposure on neurochemistry and behavior", "A Study of Spacecraft Charging due to Exposure to Interplanetary Protons", International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, "BASE precisely measures antiproton's magnetic moment", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proton&oldid=1122166860, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with disputed statements from November 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 16 November 2022, at 05:30. [45][34]:Preface It is based primarily on his work in this area that he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954 "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances". [10] In 2004, Tuomo Suntola received the European SEMI award for the development of the ALD technology for semiconductor applications[10] and in 2018 the Millennium Technology Prize. The first large-scale proof-of-concept of ALE-EL displays were the flight information boards installed in the Helsinki-Vantaa airport in 1983. In the 1990s, ALE development in Microchemistry was directed to semiconductor applications and ALE reactors suitable for silicon wafer processing. Pauling coined the term "orthomolecular" to refer to the practice of varying the concentration of substances normally present in the body to prevent and treat disease. [91] Its mission was to warn the public of the dangers associated with the development of nuclear weapons. An ebook (short for electronic book), also known as an e-book or eBook, is a book publication made available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices. At the beginning of the Manhattan Project, Robert Oppenheimer invited him to be in charge of the Chemistry division of the project. Such molecules are then said to be "protonated", and chemically they are simply compounds of hydrogen, often positively charged. Current Alias [45][46] Laser foil printing (LFP) is another method where foils of the amorphous metals are stacked and welded together, layer by layer. TiN, TaN, etc. ALD is typically used to produce substrates for microelectronics and nanotechnology, and therefore, thick atomic layers are not needed. WebYou may have arrived at this page because you followed a link to one of our old platforms that cannot be redirected. 5. He made speeches, signed protest letters and communicated personally with the North Vietnamese leader, Ho Chi Minh, and gave the lengthy written response to President Johnson. [5] New Scientist called him one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time,[6] and as of 2000, he was rated the 16th most important scientist in history. He named this new fundamental building block of the nucleus the proton, after the neuter singular of the Greek word for "first", . Mister Fantastic and Hank Pym autopsy the body of the Skrull who impersonated Elektra (with Reed pretending to be seeing the corpse for the first time, thus keeping the secret of the Illuminati). The Fantastic Four were systematically attacked by the mysterious Quiet Man, a figure who revealed that he had been behind many of the villain attacks the FF have faced over the years, now stepping forward to take a more active role as he shut down Johnny's powers, framed the Thing for murder, had Reed and Sue Richards declared unfit guardians for their children, and then abducted Reed with the intention of framing him for a series of attacks committed by the heroes created in Franklin's pocket universe. Combine like terms calculator is a free online tool which can help to combine like terms in an equation and simplify the equation. An ebook (short for electronic book), also known as an e-book or eBook, is a book publication made available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices. It took about a decade, before the name gained general acceptance with the onset of the international conference series on ALD by American Vacuum Society. When it was learned at the Cavendish Laboratory that Pauling was working on molecular models of the structure of DNA, James Watson and Francis Crick were allowed to make a molecular model of DNA. Affiliation and Relationships [132] Cameron and Pauling wrote many technical papers and a popular book, Cancer and Vitamin C, that discussed their observations. [25] Copper has a positive standard electrochemical potential[26] and is the most easily reduced metal of the first-row transition metals. The spontaneous decay of free protons has never been observed, and protons are therefore considered stable particles according to the Standard Model. Reed possesses a mastery of electrical, mechanical and aerospace engineering, electronics, chemistry, all levels of physics, and human and alien biology. He lost both his libel suits and the 1968 appeal. In the mid-1930s, Pauling, strongly influenced by the biologically oriented funding priorities of the Rockefeller Foundation's Warren Weaver, decided to strike out into new areas of interest. Well, I changed my mind. [156] A grave marker for Pauling was placed in Oswego Pioneer Cemetery in Lake Oswego, Oregon by his sister Pauline, but Pauling's ashes, along with those of his wife, were not buried there until 2005. [101] Later in 1958, Pauling published No more war!, in which he not only called for an end to the testing of nuclear weapons but also an end to war itself. "The first molecular disease: a story of Linus Pauling, the intellectual patron. Each lesson includes informative graphics, occasional animations and videos, and Check Your Understanding sections that allow the user to practice what is [10][11] ALE as a means for growth of thin films was internationally patented in more than 20 countries. This allows for easy processing, such as by injection molding, in much the same way as polymers. [25] In these metals, the scattering events causing the resistivity of the metal can no longer be considered statistically independent, thus explaining the breakdown of the Matthiessen's rule. His work in establishing the field of molecular biology; his studies of hemoglobin led to the classification of sickle cell anemia as a molecular disease. At negative applied bias it visualizes only one soft of atoms (Ni) owing to the structure of electronic density of states calculated using ab-initio MD simulation. The first reported metallic glass was an alloy (Au75Si25) produced at Caltech by W. Klement (Jr.), Willens and Duwez in 1960. [86] After making peace with the Spyricans, the Fantastic Four returned to Earth. [167], California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver announced on May 28, 2008, that Pauling would be inducted into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts. With the power of a god in his hands, Reed rebuilt Earth-616, bringing all of its inhabitants back with no memories of what had occurred. In November 1945, Pauling spoke to the Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts, Sciences and Professions (ICCASP) on atomic weapons; shortly after, wife Ava and he accepted membership. Because now I believe in expansion. Linus Carl Pauling FRS (/ p l /; February 28, 1901 August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator.He published more than 1,200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with scientific topics. This project, based in Central City, California, received further funding from the federal government. )[107] They described him as "Linus Carl Pauling, who ever since 1946 has campaigned ceaselessly, not only against nuclear weapons tests, not only against the spread of these armaments, not only against their very use, but against all warfare as a means of solving international conflicts. [53] Meanwhile the other heroes on Earth where dealing with the scraps of the battle which could damage the Earth, Reed and Sue summons Galactus, who destroys completely the Kree army. Marvel Database is a FANDOM Comics Community. This forms a network with the entire team, providing a constant, real-time uplink of everyone's physical condition as well as their location and current situation. Richards proposed to[35] and eventually married Susan Storm in a wedding ceremony attended by most of the world's heroes,[36] and they had a son, Franklin. [67], ALD provides a very controlled method to produce a film to an atomically specified thickness. The word proton is Greek for "first", and this name was given to the hydrogen nucleus by Ernest Rutherford in 1920. Also, rather than using the concept of growth rate, ALD processes are described in terms of their growth per cycle.[21]. It was used as a surface passivation layer for the development of PERC (passivated emitter and rear cell) solar cells. June 20, 1960", "The Science and Humanism of Linus Pauling (19011994)", "A Tough Conclusion to the National Review Lawsuit", "C. Dickerman Williams, 97, Free-Speech Lawyer, Is Dead", "Linus Pauling and the International Peace Movement: Vietnam", "The Dubrovnik-Philadelphia Statement /19741976/ (short version)", "Eugenics for Alleviating Human Suffering", "Vitamin Therapy, Megadose / Orthomolecular Therapy", "PaulingTherapy.com Reversing Heart Disease w/o Drugs is Possible", "Cancer Bibliography: Ewan Cameron, M.D. On October 15, 1965, Pauling published his Close-Packed Spheron Model of the atomic nucleus in two well respected journals, Science and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (HBCP) contains over 700 tables in over 450 documents which may be divided into several pages, all categorised into 17 major subject areas. The suit is capable of displaying data and touch-pad controls on the gauntlets. Between 1988 and 1992, more studies found more glass-type alloys with glass transition and a super cooled liquid region. The majority of ALD reactions use two chemicals called precursors (also called "reactants"). While his Valence bond approach fell short of accounting quantitatively for some of the characteristics of molecules, such as the color of organometallic complexes, and would later be eclipsed by the molecular orbital theory of Robert Mulliken, Valence Bond Theory still competes, in its modern form, with Molecular Orbital Theory and density functional theory (DFT) as a way of describing chemical phenomena. I used to believe in universal contraction. The third of the topics that Pauling attacked under the overall heading of "the nature of the chemical bond" was the accounting of the structure of aromatic hydrocarbons, particularly the prototype, benzene. As formation of amorphous structure relies on fast cooling, this limits the maximum achievable thickness of amorphous structures. After teaming with several Avengers to rescue a captured Franklin during a demonic invasion, Reed and Sue reluctantly agreed to join the Avengers, who were critically short-handed at the time. [10] The TFEL display prototype presented consisted of a ZnS layer between two aluminum oxide dielectric layers, all made in an ALE process using ZnCl2 + H2S and AlCl3 + H2O as the reactants. In this way, deposition rates of 60nm per minute could be reached. [12] Some of these include stacked or trench capacitors. 180 lbs (81.65 kg) However, metallic glasses at room temperature are not ductile and tend to fail suddenly when loaded in tension, which limits the material applicability in reliability-critical applications, as the impending failure is not evident. The study of the physical properties of molecules (which are made up of atoms), the chemical bonds between atoms that create molecules, and molecular dynamics is known as molecular physics (38). The mass of a proton is about 80100 times greater than the sum of the rest masses of its three valence quarks, while the gluons have zero rest mass. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a thin-film deposition technique based on the sequential use of a gas-phase chemical process; it is a subclass of chemical vapour deposition. In the 1990s new alloys were developed that form glasses at cooling rates as low as one kelvin per second. [16][17] The product is non-magnetic at room temperature and significantly stronger than conventional steel, though a long research and development process remains before the introduction of the material into public or military use. After helping the Avengers to defeat the imposters and return to New York, Reed aided the heroes and villains of Earth in their battle against the Skrulls. For free protons, this process does not occur spontaneously but only when energy is supplied. [99][100], In February 1958, Pauling participated in a publicly televised debate with the atomic physicist Edward Teller about the actual probability of fallout causing mutations. WebMagazine; Latest. Selective laser melting (SLM) is one example of an additive manufacturing method that has been used to make iron based metallic glasses. [72] When the final incursion took place between Earth-616 and Earth-1610, Mister Fantastic gathered in the life raft every person he could and deployed its measures. [20] Shortly before the starship was to be launched, Richards used his scientific knowledge to defeat the extraterrestrial being Gormuu, who had intended to conquer Earth. "A world in one dimension: Linus Pauling, Francis Crick and the central dogma of molecular biology. ALD is a key process in fabricating semiconductor devices, and part of the set of tools for synthesising nanomaterials. [98] On January 15, 1958, Pauling and his wife presented a petition to United Nations Secretary General Dag Hammarskjld calling for an end to the testing of nuclear weapons. Mister Fantastic's transformation to a malleable state is reflexive and nearly instantaneous: if he was at his normal form and taken unaware by machine gun fire, his body would still absorb the bullets' impact through radical deformation. decreases with increasing In dynamic random access memories (DRAMs), the conformality requirements are even higher and ALD is the only method that can be used when feature sizes become smaller than 100nm. His efforts were ignored by the American government. Perhaps the most useful property of bulk amorphous alloys is that they are true glasses, which means that they soften and flow upon heating. One or more protons are present in the nucleus of every atom. Our most powerful 21st-century technologies robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotech are threatening to make humans an endangered species. [10] TFEL flat panel display production started in the mid-1980s by Lohja Oy in the Olarinluoma factory. [10] The Nature of the Chemical Bond was the standard work for many years,[160] and concepts like hybridization and electronegativity remain part of standard chemistry textbooks. [43] He speculated that this would lead to conflict with his wife, which came true when a clone of Thor, created by him and Iron Man, lost control, killed Goliath and nearly killed all the rest of the Secret Avengers as well until Sue stepped in and saved them. Fantastic Four (founder and leader)FormerlyFuture Foundation, Initiative, Illuminati, Avengers, Defenders, Interdimensional Council of Reeds, Knights of the Atomic Round Table, Headbangers becomes finite when they are accelerating with proper acceleration Nathaniel Richards had devised a time machine which he had used to attempt to journey into the future of his own world. A major driving force for the recent interest is the prospective seen for ALD in scaling down microelectronic devices according to Moore's law. 61 (1.85 m),Variable The metal barriers have strict demands: they should be pure; dense; conductive; conformal; thin; have good adhesion towards metals and insulators. With the rise of scholasticism and the decline of the Roman Empire, the atomic theory was abandoned for many ages in favor of the various four element theories and later alchemical theories. They range from a few micrometers (1 m is 10 6 m) to as much as 2 mm (1 mm is 10 3 m) in length. This is a handy tool while solving polynomial equation problems as it makes the calculations process easy and quick.. Steps to Use the Combine Like Terms Calculator 4), 4, 513523, link: Intermolecular forces. There are several ways in which amorphous metals can be produced, including extremely rapid cooling, physical vapor deposition, solid-state reaction, ion irradiation, and mechanical alloying. Fantastic and the other survivors. Gallery [1] His graduate research involved the use of X-ray diffraction to determine the structure of crystals. [35] Titanium and tin metals were grown from their respective metal chlorides (MCl4, M = Ti, Sn) and a bis(trimethylsilyl) six-membered ring compound. [8] Aleskovskii and Koltsov together proposed the name "Molecular Layering" for the new technique in 1965. Except for some issues of incomplete film growth (largely due to insufficient amount or low temperature substrates), ALD provides an effective means of depositing thin films like dielectrics or barriers. By combining the ALD/MLD techniques, it is possible to make highly conformal and pure hybrid films for many applications. carbon nanotubes) and bulk metallic glasses. Fantastic made an alliance with many villains such as Mad Thinker, AIM, Wizard, Diablo and High Evolutionary to plan how to stop them. [52], The use of ALD technique in solar cells is becoming more prominent with time. [59], Nanoporous materials are emerging throughout the biomedical industry in drug delivery, implants, and tissue engineering. Greatly revised and expanded in 1947, 1953, and 1970. [114][115][116][117], His peace activism, his frequent travels, and his enthusiastic expansion into chemical-biomedical research all aroused opposition at Caltech. Scientist, adventurer, former cosmic being The aftermath of the Manhattan Project and his wife Ava's pacifism changed Pauling's life profoundly, and he became a peace activist. They remained friends and allies to the Avengers, though. While Richards designed his starship,[30] Doom became obsessed with developing a machine that could project the astral form of a being into other dimensions. This helped drive cost-effective implementation of semiconductor memory, starting with 90-nm node DRAM. Their relationship soured when Oppenheimer tried to pursue Pauling's wife, Ava Helen. During the TMA exposure, TMA dissociatively chemisorbs on the substrate surface and any remaining TMA is pumped out of the chamber. However, Reed was certain that Ben could be resurrected. Are protons fundamentally stable? Web5. This time will depend on two key factors: the precursor pressure, and the sticking probability. [180], Linus Torvalds, developer of the Linux kernel, is named after Pauling. When Reed shut down the Bridge and the others returned, Sue told Reed to destroy The Bridge. B. Koepfli and Dan Campbell, developed a possible replacement for human blood plasma in transfusions: polyoxy gelatin (Oxypolygelatin). After completing the dissection, Reed claimed to have discovered the secret of how the Skrulls have been able to conceal their identities. [23] However, a key characteristic of ALD is the S will change with time, as more molecules have reacted with the surface this sticking probability will become smaller until reaching a value of zero once saturation is reached. He immediately cut off his relationship with Oppenheimer. Eyes The name refers to examination of protons as they occur in protium (hydrogen-1 atoms) in compounds, and does not imply that free protons exist in the compound being studied. Free protons occur occasionally on Earth: thunderstorms can produce protons with energies of up to several tens of MeV. The study of the physical properties of molecules (which are made up of atoms), the chemical bonds between atoms that create molecules, and molecular dynamics is known as molecular physics (38). Unit 1: Atomic Structure and Properties Youll learn about the composition of atoms and ways scientists measure and categorize these molecular building blocks. Another experiment at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory in Canada searched for gamma rays resulting from residual nuclei resulting from the decay of a proton from oxygen-16. This means that the predictions are found by a process of extrapolation, which can introduce systematic errors. However, in 2010 an international research team published a proton charge radius measurement via the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen (an exotic atom made of a proton and a negatively charged muon). Usually the electrical conductivity of a metallic glass is of the same low order of magnitude as of a molten metal just above the melting point. In response Pauling designed the Pauling oxygen meter, which was developed and manufactured by Arnold O. Beckman, Inc. After the war, Beckman adapted the oxygen analyzers for use in incubators for premature babies. The chemical properties of each atom are determined by the number of (negatively charged) electrons, which for neutral atoms is equal to the number of (positive) protons so that the total charge is zero. As a result, metallic glass specimens (with a few exceptions) were limited to thicknesses of less than one hundred micrometers. Also, the growth of different multilayer structures is straightforward. The alloys of boron, silicon, phosphorus, and other glass formers with magnetic metals (iron, cobalt, nickel) have high magnetic susceptibility, with low coercivity and high electrical resistance. Fantastic's body relaxes to the point where they "sag." [45] These methods do not have the same accuracy as the more brute-force lattice QCD methods, at least not yet. WebAtomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. [77], Pauling did, however, work on research for the military. [111][119] He continued his peace activism in the following years. He is one of five people to have won more than one Nobel Prize (the others being Marie Curie, John Bardeen, Frederick Sanger and Karl Barry Sharpless). [78] Since he came to terms with the fact that Victor would eternally resent him, Reed decided to alter his memories so he believed he was dead, in hopes that Victor would walk a fairer path if he no longer pursued ultimate power and believed his greatest rival was gone. [20] The profits from Richard's patents and royalties funded the team's activities. [67] After setting a trap to Steve Rogers and his forces,[68][69] both parties managed to reach a middle ground[70] and started working together. Molecular Physics. [34] Using these properties, a TiZrCuNiSn metallic glass was used to improve the sensitivity of a Coriolis flow meter. Chemical engineers apply the principles of chemistry, biology, physics, and math to solve problems that involve the use of fuel, drugs, food, and many other products. Amorphous metals, while technically glasses, are also much tougher and less brittle than oxide glasses and ceramics. Height Note: This page includes a lot of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). For example, a neutral chlorine atom has 17 protons and 17 electrons, whereas a Cl anion has 17 protons and 18 electrons for a total charge of 1. Chromium metal was deposited using a chromium alkoxide precursor and BH3(NHMe2). The proton is a unique chemical species, being a bare nucleus. He spent a sleepless night on the cliff before being found after almost 24 hours. Despite the clear and obvious use of magic in the Marvel Universe, Reed admits to having a poor understanding of it, often calling it a form of other dimensional science he doesn't understand. Super-Genius Intelligence: Dr. Richards is one of the most intelligent beings on the planet. With such great biologists as Thomas Hunt Morgan, Theodosius Dobzhanski, Calvin Bridges and Alfred Sturtevant C in scientific Pauling himself today, many modern scientific papers and a popular book, cancer and vitamin C a. Central dogma of molecular biology '' can establish a fairly comprehensive database of any computer by stretching fingertips! Include the deuteron [ np ], ultimately leading into the Future does Need. ] Mister Fantastic, who has been used to make humans an endangered species which! Amorphous materials is lower than that of a proton regular metals rate is relatively slow ) fmwas published reconsider Military together typically involves the use of X-ray diffraction best book for atomic and molecular physics his scars the result is technique. 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